research refernece

http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=y4C644zHCWgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=the+gutenberg+galaxy&ots=KGV6ADNvSn&sig=Z5dHQErxslCZMJT2YEfuQs4xQyo#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ebNp39oOUQ0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vu3lRLVUta8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=writing+systems:+a+linguistic+approach&hl=en&ei=VjAgTqzWHYOZhQeP0sWzAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~bjoseph/publications/2003lgconflict.pdf

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EnEFNOcYIrUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=When+languages+collide:+perspective+on+language+conflict,+language+competition,+and+language+coexistence&hl=en&ei=3mEgTvqqNceKhQeYk9DAAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.scribd.com/doc/18689127/Language-Death-by-David-Crystal

+


http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/mufwene/publications/HOW_LANGUAGES_DIE.pdf


http://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=e4a5-ItuU1oC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.ogilvy.com/News/Press-Releases/May-2010-Ogilvy-New-York-Hosts-New-Language-Art-Exhibition.aspx

Buried Type

http://ministryoftype.co.uk/words/article/buried_type/

Death of languages? A BBC post from 19/10/2009

The death of language?

By Tom Colls
Today programme

An estimated 7,000 languages are being spoken around the world. But that number is expected to shrink rapidly in the coming decades. What is lost when a language dies? 
 
In 1992 a prominent US linguist stunned the academic world by predicting that by the year 2100, 90% of the world's languages would have ceased to exist.

Far from inspiring the world to act, the issue is still on the margins, according to prominent French linguist Claude Hagege.

"Most people are not at all interested in the death of languages," he says. "If we are not cautious about the way English is progressing it may eventually kill most other languages."

According to Ethnologue, a US organisation owned by Christian group SIL International that compiles a global database of languages, 473 languages are currently classified as endangered.

Among the ranks are the two known speakers of Lipan Apache alive in the US, four speakers of Totoro in Colombia and the single Bikya speaker in Cameroon.

"It is difficult to provide an accurate count," says Ethnologue editor Paul Lewis. "But we are at a tipping point. From here on we are going to increasingly see the number of languages going down."

What is lost? 
 
As globalisation sweeps around the world, it is perhaps natural that small communities come out of their isolation and seek interaction with the wider world. The number of languages may be an unhappy casualty, but why fight the tide?

WAR OF WORDS

- 6% of the world's languages are spoken by 94% of the world's population

- The remaining 94% of languages are spoken by only 6% of the population

- The largest single language by population is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers).

- 133 languages are spoken by fewer than 10 people SOURCE: Ethnologue

"What we lose is essentially an enormous cultural heritage, the way of expressing the relationship with nature, with the world, between themselves in the framework of their families, their kin people," says Mr Hagege.
"It's also the way they express their humour, their love, their life. It is a testimony of human communities which is extremely precious, because it expresses what other communities than ours in the modern industrialized world are able to express."

For linguists like Claude Hagege, languages are not simply a collection of words. They are living, breathing organisms holding the connections and associations that define a culture. When a language becomes extinct, the culture in which it lived is lost too.

Cross words 
 
The value of language as a cultural artefact is difficult to dispute, but is it actually realistic to ask small communities to retain their culture?

One linguist, Professor Salikoko Mufwene, of the University of Chicago, has argued that the social and economic conditions among some groups of speakers "have changed to points of no return".

As cultures evolve, he argues, groups often naturally shift their language use. Asking them to hold onto languages they no longer want is more for the linguists' sake than for the communities themselves.

Ethnologue editor Paul Lewis, however, argues that the stakes are much higher. Because of the close links between language and identity, if people begin to think of their language as useless, they see their identity as such as well.

This leads to social disruption, depression, suicide and drug use, he says. And as parents no longer transmit language to their children, the connection between children and grandparents is broken and traditional values are lost.

"There is a social and cultural ache that remains, where people for generations realize they have lost something," he says.

What no-one disputes is that the demise of languages is not always the fault of worldwide languages like our own.

An increasing number of communities are giving up their language by their own choice, says Claude Hagege. Many believe that their languages have no future and that their children will not acquire a professional qualification if they teach them tribal languages.

"We can do nothing when the abandonment of a language corresponds to the will of a population," he says.

Babbling away 
 
Perhaps all is not lost for those who want the smaller languages to survive. As the revival of Welsh in the UK and Maori in New Zealand suggest, a language can be brought back from the brink.

Hebrew, says Claude Hagege, was a dead language at the beginning of the 19th century. It existed as a scholarly written language, but there was no way to say "I love you" and "pass the salt" - the French linguists' criteria for detecting life.

But with the "strong will" of Israeli Jews, he says, the language was brought back into everyday use. Now it is undeniably a living breathing language once more.

Closer to home, Cornish intellectuals, inspired by the reintroduction of Hebrew, succeeded in bringing the seemingly dead Cornish language back into use in the 20th Century. In 2002 the government recognised it as a living minority language.

But for many dwindling languages on the periphery of global culture, supported by little but a few campaigning linguists, the size of the challenge can seem insurmountable.

"You've got smallest, weakest, least resourced communities trying to address the problem. And the larger communities are largely unaware of it," says Ethnologue editor Paul Lewis.

"We would spend an awful lot of money to preserve a very old building, because it is part of our heritage. These languages and cultures are equally part of our heritage and merit preservation."

Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/today/hi/today/newsid_8311000/8311069.stm

Published: 2009/10/19 08:10:06 GMT

© BBC 2011

Care lables

Tiepography by Ed Nacional

On Maps Made of Words by Seagull’s Hut

source: http://seagull.wazala.com/

Google Maps Typography

It took Rhett Dashwood several months to find the complete alphabet in Google Maps. You can find links to every single letter on his website. Very impressive!
source: http://www.todayandtomorrow.net/2009/04/22/google-maps-typography/

important!

http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8311000/8311069.stm?ad=1

http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=y4C644zHCWgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=the+gutenberg+galaxy&ots=KGV6ADNvSn&sig=Z5dHQErxslCZMJT2YEfuQs4xQyo#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ebNp39oOUQ0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=u_s9fR8pczMC&pg=PA170&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=6BPWHQihzw4C&pg=PA234&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false

Endangered languages: language loss and community response

http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/search?q=art

https://sites.google.com/site/minamilevadesigns/system/app/pages/admin/appearance/colorsAndFonts

Archaism

In language, an archaism (from the Greek: ἀρχαϊκός, archaïkós, 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος, archaîos, 'from the beginning, ancient') is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current. This can either be done deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law) or formula (for example in religious contexts). Many nursery rhymes contain archaisms. Archaic elements that occur only in certain fixed expressions (for example 'be that as it may') are not considered to be archaisms.

an anachronism

an archaic word is a word that is no longer commonly used but is retained in a language because it preserves the flavor of a period.

Language anachronism

Language anachronisms in novels and films are quite common. They can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms let us understand more readily a film set in the past. Language and pronunciation change so fast that most modern people (even many scholars) would not easily be able to understand a film with people speaking English as they did in the 17th century; thus, we willingly accept characters speaking an updated language. Unintentional anachronisms include putting modern slang and figures of speech into the mouths of characters from the past. Modern audiences want to understand George Washington when he speaks, but if he starts talking about "the bottom line" (a figure of speech that did not come into popular language until almost two centuries after Washington's time), that can be an unintentional anachronism.
A literary work such as Quo Vadis set in the time of Nero is written in Polish, a language that did not exist in Roman times and is usually translated into other languages that did not exist in ancient times because modern audiences generally do not understand Latin, the language of Rome, any more than non-Poles can be expected to understand Polish. That sort of anachronism is generally excused.
At the most blatant, linguistic anachronisms can demonstrate the fraudulence of a document purportedly from an earlier time. The use of terminology from 19th and 20th century antisemites demonstrates that the supposed "Franklin Prophecy" is a forgery, as Benjamin Franklin died in 1790

random quotes:

Obsolete, adj. No longer used by the timid. Said chiefly of words. A word which some lexicographer has marked obsolete is ever thereafter an object of dread and loathing to the fool writer, but if it is a good word and has no exact modern equivalent equally good, it is good enough for the good writer. Indeed, a writer's attitude toward "obsolete" words is as true a measure of his literary ability as anything except the character of his work. A dictionary of obsolete and obsolescent words would not only be singularly rich in strong and sweet parts of speech; it would add large possessions to the vocabulary of every competent writer who might not happen to be a competent reader.
—Ambrose Bierce, American journalist and writer, The Devil's Dictionary, 1911

the phrontistery

http://phrontistery.info/clwdef.html

This is a website that collects lost words. They have a long list of words that are not used in modern English the way they were intended to or they have been completely forgotten. The link is to the rules they used while looking up those words, which in a way defines what a "lost word" is.

List of lost words: S-Z

saburrate	v	1623 -1658
to put sand or gravel in a ship as ballast
Fortunately, the ship was thoroughly saburrated, or else it would surely have capsized.
sacricolist	n	1727 -1727
devout worshipper
She was a skeptic, but became a sacricolist after her father's death.
sagittiferous	adj	1656 -1858
bearing arrows
The general ordered that some of his foot-soldiers should thereafter be sagittiferous.
sagittipotent	adj	1656 -1656
having great ability in archery
The sagittipotent hunter found himself unable to kill the beautiful white stag.
sarcinarious	adj	1656 -1656
serving to carry a burden or load
His sarcinarious draught-horse could take no more, and collapsed on the desert sands.
scaevity	n	1623 -1658
unluckiness; left-handedness
She attributed her failure to evil forces, but her family felt it was a matter of scaevity.
scandiscope	n	1825 -1825
machine for cleaning chimneys
The scandiscope removed soot, but also what might have been reindeer droppings.
scathefire	n	1632 -1796
great destructive fire; conflagration
Despite the scathefire that razed the town, its citizens were determined to rebuild.
scelidate	adj	1877 -1877
having legs; legged
The legless dragon of Eastern myth contrasts with its scelidate Western counterpart.
sceptriferous	adj	1656 -1658
bearing a scepter
The court's sceptriferous seneschal had a primarily symbolic function.
schismarch	n	1657 -1657
founder of a schism
The schismarch of the People's Front of Judea was hated by his former allies.
secability	n	1842 -1842
capability of being cut
The limited secability of Kevlar makes it an ideal material for modern armour.
sedecuple	n	1690 -1690
quantity sixteen times another
She enjoyed the Slinky, though her age was the sedecuple of her granddaughter's.
sementine	adj	1656 -1656
pertaining to sowing; of the time of seeding fields
This year's drought means that our springtime sementine efforts were in vain.
senticous	adj	1657 -1657
prickly; thorny
He pricked himself on a senticous bush as he searched about for his golf ball.
seplasiary	n	1650 -1658
seller or producer of perfumes and ointments
She had an allergic reaction after the seplasiary sprayed her in the eyes.
sermonolatry	n	1859 -1859
excessive devotion to sermons
We moved to a church across town because of our pastor's excessive sermonolatry.
sevidical	adj	1656 -1656
speaking cruel and harsh words; threatening
I will not tolerate your sevidical tone and manner, you filthy peasant!
sevous	adj	1725 -1725
like tallow or suet
The sevous mixture wouldn't harden, and so the whole batch of candles was ruined.
siagonology	n	1895 -1895
study of jaw-bones
Reliance on siagonology alone led to the proliferation of the Piltdown Man hoax.
sigilism	n	1865 -1865
act of revealing the secrets of the confessional
After learning of such atrocities, it is only natural that he would consider sigilism.
sinapistic	adj	1879 -1879
consisting of mustard
The chef's sinapistic sauces delighted connoisseurs of French cuisine.
sireniform	adj	1849 -1852
having the lower legs abnormally joined into a single limb
When they learned that their child had a sireniform deformity, they were devastated.
slimikin	adj	1745 -1745
small and slender
She was a slimikin young woman who often flirted with the schoolboys at the academy.
snobographer	n	1848 -1966
one who describes or writes about snobs
The editors scrapped the society page because it was full of pretentious snobographers.
sodalitious	adj	1656 -1730
of or belonging to society or to fellowship
Sodalitious camaraderie is the basis for gentlemanly life in this civilized era.
soleated	adj	1623 -1656
shod like a horse
Because his steed was poorly soleated, he was unable to make good time on the trip.
solennial	adj	1623 -1656
occurring once a year; annual
Welcome to our solennial celebration of the birth of our illustrious institution.
soloecal	adj	1716 -1716
provincially incorrect
His soloecal Southern dialect cost him more than one job.
somandric	adj	1716 -1716
pertaining to the human body
Today's athletes frequently exceed natural somandric limits with anabolic steroids.
sophronize	v	1827 -1827
to imbue with sound moral principles or self-control
It is important that we sophronize children, not merely teach them facts.
sospital	adj	1656 -1658
keeping safe and healthy; preserving from danger
The bodyguard's sospital functions were compromised by his love for his charge.
sparsile	adj	1891 -1891
of a star, not included in any constellation
The prevalence of sparsile stars today reflects technical advances in telescopy.
speustic	adj	1656 -1658
made or baked in haste
At the last minute, he thought to throw together a speustic pie for the gathering.
spiscious	adj	1655 -1655
of a thick consistency
Her soups are both spiscious and delicious, though perhaps over-laden with salt.
sputcheon	n	1842 -1878
metal lining of the mouth of a scabbard
The blade rang against the sputcheon as he drew it, eliminating the element of surprise.
squiriferous	adj	1796 -1796
having the character or qualities of a squire
The squiriferous youth squandered his inheritance with astonishing rapidity.
stagma	n	1681 -1820
any distilled liquor
I will touch neither wine nor stagma, though I do occasionally partake of ale.
starrify	v	1598 -1675
to decorate with stars; to make into a star
She would often starrify her high school students' work, thereby infantilizing them.
stibogram	n	1891 -1898
graphic record of footprints
The detective took stibograms from the scene, hoping they would lead to the culprit.
stigmatypy	n	1875 -1875
printing portraits using dots of different sizes
The use of stigmatypy takes enormous effort, but provides little artistic benefit.
stiricide	n	1656 -1656
falling of icicles from a house
The untended tenement was very dangerous in winter due to stiricide.
sturionic	adj	1852 -1852
of or pertaining to the sturgeon
With its great sturionic strength, it leapt off the hook, never again to be seen.
succisive	adj	1619 -1656
of time, spare or in excess
Because I worked so much harder than them, they envied my succisive rests.
suffarcinate	v	1656 -1656
to load up; to stuff
His daughter suffarcinated the moving van with a hoard of old clothing, to his chagrin.
summotion	n	1653 -1653
removal
The summotion of the unruly committee members was itself an unruly occasion.
supellectile	adj	1615 -1843
of the nature of furniture
Our apartment is full of knick-knacks, but is lacking in supellectile necessities.
surgation	n	1688 -1688
erection of the penis
His surgation caused him embarassment when he had to speak in front of the class.
synallactic	adj	1853 -1853
reconciliatory
A synallactic dinner was a good idea, and helped them save their marriage.
tabernarious	adj	1656 -1656
belonging to shops or taverns
Our tabernarious citizens have put before us their preposterous demands.
tantuple	adj	1656 -1656
multiplied by the same number; so many times a given quantity
We expect a tantuple increase in this year's profits as well.
tauroboly	n	1700 -1891
slaughter of a bull or bulls; pagan bull sacrifice
The cruelty of the matador led her to fight against tauroboly as an inhumane practice.
tecnolatry	n	1899 -1914
worship or idolization of children
Despite her infertility, or perhaps because of it, she was known for her tecnolatry.
teliferous	adj	1656 -1658
bearing darts or missiles
The teliferous battalion of soldiers advanced, knowing that they had the upper hand.
telligraph	n	1783 -1903
charter outlining boundaries of landholdings
Fortunately, he still possessed the telligraph given to his great-grandfather.
temerate	v	1635 -1654
to break a bond or promise; to profane
She would not compromise, for doing so would force her to temerate her vows.
tenellous	adj	1651 -1651
somewhat tender
Their tenellous relationship, which was never strong, came under great strain.
tetanothrum	n	1519 -1823
cosmetic for removing wrinkles
The proliferation of tetanothrums reflects the concerns of aging baby boomers.
teterrimous	adj	1704 -1864
most foul
The fiend's teterrimous visage alarmed the librarian, who quickly closed the dark tome.
theomeny	n	1623 -1656
the wrath of God
I may suffer theomeny for my beliefs, but at least I will have been consistent.
thural	adj	1624 -1714
of or pertaining to incense
The mysteries of the ancient order involved the burning of thural herbs.
thysiastery	n	1657 -1657
sacrificial altar
They laid the babe upon the thysiastery with his mother's willing consent.
tolfraedic	adj	1703 -1905
of reckoning one hundred as 120; duodecimal
Unfortunately, our measures still have a strong component of tolfraedic reckoning.
tollation	n	1688 -1688
act of lifting
The tollation of the child from the well required special equipment to be imported.
tornatil	adj	1661 -1661
made with a wheel; turned on a wheel
The potter was a master of his tornatil work, but many of his pots broke during firing.
tortiloquy	n	1656 -1656
crooked speech
I will not tolerate such tortiloquy in my court!
trabeal	adj	1862 -1866
like a beam; of the nature of a horizontal beam
This trabeal support for the roof won't last more than a decade.
traboccant	adj	1651 -1654
superabundant; excessive
Your traboccant generosity will no doubt be repaid twice over by the award recipients.
tragematopolist	n	1656 -1658
confectioner; seller of sweets
No tragematopolist can match the appeal of a toy-store for young children.
trajectitious	adj	1656 -1855
characterized by oversea transport
The trajectitious movement of sugar cane allowed the merchants to grow rich.
tremefy	v	1832 -1832
to cause to tremble
His words tremefied the more gullible of onlookers, while others shook their heads.
triclavianism	n	1838 -1838
belief that only three nails were used at Christ's crucifixion
My debate on triclavianism was ill-received by the priests, who felt it irrelevant.
tristifical	adj	1656 -1656
causing to be sad or mournful
His tristifical wailing got the best of us, and we also were reduced to tears.
tropaean	adj	1686 -1686
blowing from sea to land
The tropaean winds blew the raft ashore after long weeks at sea.
trophaeal	adj	1646 -1660
pertaining to or adorned with trophies
Her trophaeal treasure trove was the only thing undamaged by the fire.
tudiculate	v	1623 -1658
to bruise or pound; to work as with a hammer
He was brutally tudiculated by the bullies, so he started to work out.
tussicate	v	1598 -1890
to cough
He tussicated throughout the opera, annoying nearby audience members.
uglyography	n	1804 -1834
bad handwriting; poor spelling
Your uglyography conceals the cogency and brilliance of your ideas.
ulvose	adj	1727 -1727
full of reeds or weeds
The ulvose marsh was drained, damaging the habitat of several species of waterfowl.
urette	n	1840 -1840
dried animal urine absorbed into calcareous soil
The only sign it had ever been a pasture were the patches of urette and dried dung.
utible	adj	1623 -1711
serviceable; useful
While the new system is much more expensive, at least it is utible.
utlegation	n	1678 -1678
legal process by which someone is outlawed
The gunslinger's utlegation was no impediment to his efforts to find work.
uviferous	adj	1656 -1656
bearing grapes or vines
The uviferous hills of Champagne are still renowned for their quality produce.
vacivity	n	1656 -1721
emptiness
The vacivity of her mind can hardly be a consequence of her blonde hair.
vadiation	n	1753 -1812
act of requiring a pledge
The secret society insisted that he must attend the vadiation ceremony before entering.
vadosity	n	1658 -1658
fact of being fordable
The limited vadosity of the river presented an enormous barrier to the pioneers.
vampirarchy	n	1823 -1823
set of rulers comparable to vampires
Some believe that we are secretly ruled by the Illuminati or a similar vampirarchy.
vanmost	adv	1865 -1865
in the front; foremost
The vanmost brigade is expected to take very high casualties, unfortunately.
vappous	adj	1673 -1673
flat; insipid
This chili has a vappous and unpleasant taste, unlike the other offerings.
vargeous	adj	1779 -1779
resembling a rod; rod-like
He twirled his vargeous billy-club menacingly at the peaceful protesters.
vectarious	adj	1656 -1696
belonging to a wagon or carriage
At the end of their vectarious voyage, he pulled out the engagement ring.
vellicle	n	1676 -1676
something that pinches or holds fast
You need some sort of vellicle to keep the papers from falling all over the place.
venalitious	adj	1656 -1656
of the sale of humans as slaves
Despite universal condemnation, venalitious practices abound in the Third World today.
venialia	n	1654 -1654
minor sins or offences
Though he had done nothing heinous, all of his friends had been victims of his venialia.
venundate	v	1623 -1656
to buy and sell
The farmer went to town once a month to venundate, but was otherwise solitary.
venustation	n	1656 -1658
act of causing to become beautiful or handsome
The cream's manufacturer fraudulently promised venustation to those who used it.
veprecose	adj	1721 -1721
full of brambles
When they moved onto the estate, the grounds were veprecose and untended.
veteratorian	adj	1656 -1656
crafty; subtle
Your veteratorian villainy is no match for the might of my armies of men!
vicambulate	v	1873 -1873
to walk about in the streets
Would you care to vicambulate with me on this fine evening, my dear?
viduifical	adj	1657 -1657
widow-making
It is often said that golf is just as viduifical as war, and twice as pointless.
viliorate	v	1722 -1722
to make less good; to worsen
The presence of gangs viliorates the quality of life for everyone in the neighbourhood.
vinitorian	adj	1656 -1656
of or pertaining to tending vines
Though the orchard was more profitable, her vinitorian skills earned her respect.
virtival	n	1794 -1794
metal support for an axle
Though he added virtivals to the cart, it fell to pieces at the first major jolt.
visotactile	adj	1652 -1652
involving both touch and vision
The deaf man learned to make better use of visotactile input in his daily life.
vocitate	v	1653 -1653
to name or call
I can understand giving a name to a dog, but who vocitates their houseplants?
volgivagant	adj	1656 -1656
pertaining to the common people; poor or base; inconstant
Her political fortunes were tied to her ability to appeal to her volgivagant constituents.
vultuous	adj	1633 -1721
having a sad or solemn countenance
The child's vultuous visage was the key to the team's successful con game.
weequashing	n	1888 -1902
spearing of fish or eels by torchlight from canoes
The Scouts went out weequashing, but they forgot to obtain the proper permit.
welmish	adj	1688 -1688
of a pale or sickly colour
Her welmish complexion was the first clue that she had become a full-blown addict.
woundikins	int	1836 -1836
diminutive form of "wounds"; mild oath
He shouted, "Great woundikins!" upon striking his toe, much to their amusement.
xenization	n	1818 -1818
fact of travelling as a stranger
This period of youthful xenization was the source of his later cultural tolerance.
yelve	n	1000 -1886
dung-fork; garden-fork; to use such a fork
With her yelve and hoe never far from hand, she grew her crops the old-fashioned way.
zygostatical	adj	1623 -1656
pertaining to a market official in charge of weights
His zygostatical training allowed him to cheat the scales undetected for decades.

List of lost words: N-R

namelings	npl	1706 -1706
persons bearing the same name
The namelings Martin Luther and Dr. King shared a concern with political reform.
nepheliad	n	1818 -1821
cloud-nymph
Like a nepheliad, the skydiver dove gracefully through the clouds.
nequient	adj	1656 -1656
not being able
While the other students understand algebra, you are still nequient in this simple art.
nerterology	n	1800 -1800
learning relating to the dead or the underworld
Her inquiries into nerterology were inspired by a youthful visit to a medieval crypt.
nidifice	n	1656 -1656
a nest
The lizard climbed into the nidifice, only to be eaten by the mother eagle.
noscible	adj	1654 -1654
knowable; well-known
It is noscible that no amount of training can make up for experience in the field.
novaturient	adj	1679 -1679
desiring changes or alterations
The novel's author rightly rejected the novaturient wishes of the screenwriters
nubivagant	adj	1656 -1656
moving throughout or among clouds
The glider flew like a nubivagant bird before emerging out of the clouds and into view.
obacerate	v	1656 -1658
to stop one's mouth
When he swore onstage, several audience members obacerated themselves.
obarmate	v	1623 -1658
to arm against
Let us obarmate ourselves for the upcoming battle against the Mongols!
obrumpent	adj	1656 -1656
breaking; bursting
The guests were startled to attention by the sound of obrumpent balloons.
obstrigillate	v	1623 -1656
to oppose; to resist
I will not obstrigillate the efforts of my opponent to besmirch my good name.
occaecation	n	1608 -1691
the act of blinding
After his occaecation, he was unable to enjoy simple pleasures such as reading.
occulcation	n	1656 -1656
act of treading on or trampling
Repeated occulcations of this field by soldiers have left it useless for agriculture.
odynometer	n	1889 -1893
instrument for measuring pain
Suspecting his patient's illness to be feigned, he pulled out his trusty odynometer.
omniregency	n	1616 -1670
universal rulership; state of complete authority
The principle of omniregency is now seriously mistrusted, and not only by radicals.
oncethmus	n	1656 -1656
braying
The oncethmus of most politicians is far worse than that given off by any beast.
operiment	n	1650 -1656
a covering
If you don't get an operiment for your classic car, it will rust away in a brief time.
oporopolist	n	1671 -1725
fruit-seller
Our opropolist's oranges often offer odd odours.
orgiophant	n	1886 -1886
one who presides over orgies
The orgiophant had dozens of hangers-on who sought to attend his parties.
ossifragant	adj	1656 -1656
bone-breaking
The ossifragant wrestler earned a reputation for brutality, so no one would fight him
ovablastic	adj	1922 -1922
making eggs burst open in the womb
The doctor rejected the ovablastic technique, finding it to violate his moral principles.
palintocy	n	1693 -1847
repayment of interest paid on a loan
I understand you can't pay me everything, but I demand a palintocy, at the very least.
palmoscopy	n	1857 -1890
observation of heartbeat or pulse as part of medical diagnosis
Even without his medical bag, he could use palmoscopy to diagnose her heart attack.
pamphagous	adj	1702 -1702
eating everything; all-consuming
To the pamphagous victor goes the Golden Wiener of Triumphal Consumption!
panchymagogue	n	1657 -1893
medicine purging all the humours from the body
What you need is a good panchymagogue to get you back on your feet!
pannuscorium	n	1858 -1860
soft leather cloth used on the tops of shoes and boots
The pannuscorium of his old shoes was covered in indelible stains.
papicolist	n	1633 -1810
one who worships the pope; a papist
Today, even papicolists grudgingly admit that papal infallibility cannot be literally true.
parepochism	n	1685 -1685
error in dating or assigning time period
The antique dealer was well known for his parepochisms, so we didn't feel too bad.
paterophobia	n	1840 -1840
fear of the early Church fathers
The Romans' paterophobia mellowed over time, until Christianity was fully accepted.
patration	n	1656 -1656
perfection or completion of something
The patration of my dissertation will be an occasion for great merriment.
pecuarious	adj	1656 -1658
serving or belonging to beasts or cattle
The children tossed the pecuarious leavings at one another, to their parents' dismay.
pedegorize	v	1665 -1665
to construct a pedigree; to derive through a pedigree
The owners of the racehorse took great efforts to pedegorize her carefully.
penarious	adj	1656 -1658
of or pertaining to victuals or provisions
The quartermaster is in charge of penarious matters, so stay out of his business!
penintime	adj	1686 -1718
second from inmost
Venus, our solar system's penintime planet, is Earth's twin in many regards.
perantique	adj	1883 -1883
very antique or ancient
She treasured the perantique mirror even though the glass was somewhat warped.
pessundate	v	1656 -1658
to cast down or ruin
The Roman Empire was pessundated by its economic woes rather than moral decline.
phalerate	adj	1656 -1702
ornamented; decorated
The phalerate umbrella-stand in the corner of the room attracted the guests' attention.
phasianic	adj	1884 -1884
of or pertaining to pheasants
Our phasianic hunting-trips have become increasingly futile in recent years.
philargyrist	n	1633 -1663
lover of money; covetous person
I am no philargyrist, but I like to live well, so charity isn't in my best interest.
phlyarologist	n	1867 -1867
one who talks nonsense
He was a petty phlyarologist who could rarely hold an intelligent conversation.
phoenigm	n	1646 -1858
reddening of the skin; reddish medical application
The phoenigm of his cheeks after the race testified both to his fatigue and his elation.
phylactology	n	1966 -1966
science of counter-espionage
Though phylactology reached its peak in the Cold War, it is arguably still important.
pication	n	1684 -1684
application of warm pitch to the skin as medical treatment
While it seems harsh, pication is effective for cleansing pores and restoring skin tone.
pigritude	n	1623 -1656
slothfulness
Despite the college student's pigritude, he continued to maintain a 'B' average.
piladex	n	1897 -1901
game where an inflated bag is hit with hand to keep aloft across a table
From piladex to hacky-sack, pastimes involving hitting objects are known to all ages.
pilimiction	n	1847 -1874
passing of hair-like bodies in the urine
His doctor was particularly concerned about his pilimiction, for obvious reasons.
plebicolar	adj	1626 -1820
courting or appealing to the common people
He profited from his plebicolar demeanour, and avoided the fate of many other nobles.
plegnic	adj	1612 -1664
acting by a blow; striking like a hammer; percussive
Her plegnic pounding of the piano-keys contrasted sharply with her tiny frame.
plenisphere	n	1912 -1912
a perfect sphere
The iridescent plenispheres in the sky told him that someone was blowing bubbles.
pocilliform	adj	1846 -1846
shaped like a little cup
The golf ball hardly budged from its pocilliform resting-spot atop the tee.
poliadic	adj	1886 -1886
of the nature of a local or tutelary god
Respect for poliadic spirits and deities continued long after the region converted.
pomarious	adj	1656 -1775
of or belonging to an orchard or fruit-garden
Newton's pomarious enlightenment concerning gravity is no more than a myth.
ponask	v	1922 -1963
to cook game by splitting it and roasting it on a spit
We ponasked the freshly-caught pheasant at our campsite.
portmantologist	n	1887 -1934
one who studies or coins portmanteau words
Rather than being a portmantologist, why not use perfectly good existing words?
prandicle	n	1656 -1658
small meal
In those years, she would take several prandicles during the course of each day.
prebition	n	1656 -1656
act of offering, showing or setting before
The prebition of his treasure-find to the king earned him great honour and esteem.
pregnatress	n	1765 -1765
female power that generates or gives birth to something
As the pregnatress of our little group, her opinion was still highly regarded.
prescited	adj	1400 -1660
foreknown or predestined for damnation; condemned
If you believe some of us are prescited from birth, there is no reason to do good works.
primifluous	adj	1657 -1657
that which flows first
The primifluous wines of the evening were excellent, unlike the plonk served later.
privign	n	1605 -1654
stepson
Though he was only her privign, she always treated him as if he were her own child.
psalloid	adj	1756 -1895
resembling a harp or stringed instrument
Her renown as a maker of psalloid instruments led to a position at the royal court.
psephograph	n	1906 -1907
machine for automatically recording votes
These newfangled computers are no more reliable than an old-fashioned psephograph.
pseudisodomous	adj	1601 -1850
style of wall construction using stones of different thickness
The use of pseudisodomous brickwork gives the room an antique feel.
ptochology	n	1891 -1891
study of beggars and unemployment
If we want to understand the roots of poverty, we must undertake work in ptochology.
pudify	v	1656 -1656
to cause to be ashamed
Your remarks do not pudify me, for you are as guilty of such offenses as I am!
pugnastics	n	1830 -1830
displays of pugilistic ability
Ali's pugnastics were much more impressive than his overly boastful showmanship.
pullarian	adj	1652 -1652
of or pertaining to chicken or fowl
Our pullarian mascot was trampled by the opposing team's offensive line.
pyroleter	n	1878 -1878
double-pump fire extinguisher that produces carbonic acid
The pyroleter was insufficient to combat the fire at the old library.
quadragintireme	n	1799 -1799
vessel with forty rows of oars
He couldn't have reached the battle even if he had been commanding a quadragintireme.
quadrimular	adj	1664 -1664
lasting for four years
The quadrimular interval between Olympiads is a long wait in terms of athletes' careers.
quaeritate	v	1657 -1657
to question; to inquire
If I might quaeritate, why are we headed in the wrong direction on the trail?
quercivorous	adj	1858 -1858
feeding on oak trees
The proliferation of quercivorous insects is a boon rather than a bane to the ecosystem.
quibbleism	n	1836 -1836
practice of quibbling
His carping and quibbleism earned him much scorn, a fact of which he was oblivious.
quotientive	adj	1871 -1871
indicating how often
She set up the schedule using a quotientive formula to ensure fairness.
radicarian	adj	1880 -1880
pertaining to the roots of words
A radicarian knowledge of Latin is of central importance for English etymology.
ramifactive	adj	1766 -1766
developing into a branch; forming a branch
Despite the infertility of the soil, the trees retained a limited ramifactive capacity.
recineration	n	1657 -1683
second reduction to ashes
The recineration of his book manuscript in the second fire drove him over the edge.
redamancy	n	1656 -1656
act of loving in return
Despite his lack of redamancy, her passion for him was unabated for several years.
rendling	n	1784 -1784
curdling or setting of cheese
Seeing the realization slowly dawn upon her was like witnessing the rendling of cheese.
resarciate	v	1656 -1657
to mend; to make amends
She wanted to resarciate their friendship before it was damaged irreparably.
rhedarious	adj	1656 -1656
of or serving as a carriage or chariot
His fancy for rhedarious transport was seen as old-fashioned by his friends.
rhodologist	n	1911 -1924
one who studies and classifies roses
Any rhodologist knows that a rose by any other name does not smell as sweet.
rimestock	n	1662 -1834
old almanac with runic writings
He bought the old rimestock at auction, but was unaware of its calendric function.
riviation	n	1676 -1676
fishing
While anglers are the sort who enjoy quiet contemplation, I find riviation to be boring.
roblet	v	1674 -1755
to lead astray
He roblets his intended victims in the old part of the city before mugging them.
rogalian	adj	1656 -1656
of or pertaining to a great fire
The books' authors were rightly incensed at their works' rogalian fate under the censors.
rogitate	v	1656 -1658
to ask frequently
"Are we there yet?", the kids rogitated, apparently unaware of their parents' frustration.
roomthily	adj	1674 -1674
spatially; with respect to space
His bachelor apartment is roomthily challenged, to say nothing of the smell.
rupography	n	1838 -1838
art of taking impressions of coins or medals in sealing wax
The police confiscated my rupography tools, thinking that I used them for forgery.
ruricolous	adj	1730 -1858
living in the country or in fields
Though the city has its attractions, I much prefer the quiet ruricolous life.

List of lost words: F-M

fabrefaction	n	1652 -1678
act of fashioning or making a work of art
The sculptor felt that fabrefaction was more important than the end result.
fallaciloquence	n	1656 -1761
deceitful speech
Your fallaciloquence, though charming, will not convince the jury to acquit.
famelicose	adj	1730 -1775
often or very hungry
The tribe's crops frequently fail, and their children are famelicose.
famigerate	v	1623 -1736
to carry news from abroad
The bloggers famigerated about the conditions in the war-torn country.
ficulnean	adj	1716 -1716
of fig-tree wood; worthless
His ficulnean arguments failed to convince his professor to raise his grade.
filicology	n	1884 -1884
study of ferns
Filicology is a discipline for which paleontological training is a great asset.
findible	adj	1656 -1790
able to be cleft or split
This pie is perfectly findible, if we can agree to some simple rules for cutting it.
flosculation	n	1651 -1651
an embellishment or ornament in speech
The speaker's lecture was rendered laughable by ridiculous flosculations.
foppotee	n	1663 -1663
simpleton
What a pitiful foppotee he was, always oblivious to our jeers!
frenigerent	adj	1656 -1681
bearing a bridle
The frenigerent filly flew fast from the fire.
fumificate	v	1721 -1792
to make or cause smoke or incense
The only problem with the new grill is its tendency to fumificate.
gardeviance	n	1459 -1706
chest for valuables; a travelling trunk
She kept her linens in that old gardeviance for over sixty years.
gardevisure	n	1610 -1840
visor of a helmet as shown on heraldic devices
Since you're so ugly, why not place a gardevisure on your coat of arms?
gaudiloquent	adj	1656 -1727
speaking joyfully or on joyful matters
Her gaudiloquent tone was thought excessively perky by the stodgy faculty.
gelicide	n	1656 -1681
a frost
Unfortunately, the flowers were killed too soon by an early gelicide.
gipseian	adj	1749 -1749
belonging or pertaining to gypsies
The gipseian rhythms made her feel as if she were in the Middle East.
gleimous	adj	1398 -1790
slimy; full of phlegm
Its gleimous tongue slipped between its teeth and ensnared the moose.
gnathonize	v	1619 -1727
to flatter
I can tell that you're just trying to gnathonize me, you sycophantic buffoon!
graocracy	n	1830 -1830
government by an old woman or women
High voter turnout among elderly women may soon lead us into a graocracy.
graviloquence	n	1656 -1656
grave speech
The bishop's funeral orations were known for their graviloquence.
gumfiate	v	1820 -1820
to cause to swell; to puff up
He just had his wisdom teeth extracted, so his cheeks are gumfiated.
gutturniform	adj	1886 -1886
shaped like a water pitcher
She was never able to mould the clay into a proper gutturniform shape.
gypsation	n	1656 -1681
action or process of plastering with gypsum
The gypsation of the room took much too long and irritated his allergies.
habroneme	adj	1886 -1886
having the appearance of fine threads
Her habroneme hair was admired by many hairstylists for its fine texture.
halatinous	adj	1886 -1886
saline; salty
The halatinous mist brought back memories of his childhood at the seashore.
hecatologue	n	1894 -1894
code consisting of 100 rules
The teen whined that her parents' list of rules was practically a hecatologue.
helctic	adj	1658 -1658
acting to drag or draw out; drawing
While leechcraft is derided, it is medicinally useful from a helctic perspective.
hemerine	adj	1854 -1886
daily; quotidian
The hemerine ritual of walking her dog kept her in good physical shape.
hercotectonic	adj	1672 -1672
of or pertaining to the construction of fortifications or walls
The fort's hercotectonic strength was insufficient to repel cannon-fire.
hirculation	n	1656 -1721
disease of vines where they grow no fruit
Despite a fantastic growing season, the vineyard was crippled by hirculation.
hirquitalliency	n	1652 -1652
strength of voice
The wrestler's hirquitalliency compensated for his lack of strength and talent.
historiaster	n	1887 -1894
petty or contemptible historian
While Foucault is widely praised today, he was no more than a historiaster.
hiulcity	n	1681 -1681
an opening or cleft
They stepped into the hiulcity in the cliff face, unaware of the danger within.
homerkin	n	1662 -1663
old liquid measure for beer
"I'm so thirsty I could drink a homerkin of beer," Simpson lamented.
hymnicide	n	1862 -1862
killing of hymns through alterations
Many accused the revisionists in the Church of committing hymnicide.
hyometer	n	1886 -1886
rain gauge
Her homemade hyometer was overwhelmed and destroyed by the deluge.
hypenemious	n	1855 -1886
full of wind; windy; of an egg, malformed
Let us protect ourselves against the hyenemious assault of the hurricane.
icasm	n	1664 -1664
figurative expression
He protested at his trial that the death threat he delivered was only an icasm.
ichorescent	adj	1684 -1684
growing or becoming ichorous
After several months, the carrots were disgustingly ichorescent.
ichthyarchy	n	1853 -1853
the domain or rule of fishes
Despite his ichthyarchy, Aquaman is really a very pitiful superhero.
ictuate	v	1822 -1822
to emphasize; to put metrical stress on
She preferred free verse over carefully-ictuated classical poetic styles.
igniparous	adj	1684 -1684
bringing forth fire
The heroes were scorched by the dragon's igniparous emanation.
impigrity	n	1623 -1721
quickness; speed
The impigrity of the contract's signing led to vexing legal wranglings.
improcerous	adj	1656 -1658
low; short
The coffee table was much too improcerous to be of any real use.
incabinate	v	1672 -1672
to enclose in a cabin; to confine
The solution to her writer's block was to incabinate herself at her country villa.
ingeniculation	n	1623 -1658
bending of the knee
His ingeniculation was in vain, and she turned away in disgust, never to return.
ingordigious	adj	1637 -1734
greedy; avaricious
Your ingordigious ways are cruel and heartless; charity is the path to joy.
inocciduous	adj	1656 -1658
of a star, never setting
Polaris was his inocciduous guide as he trekked across the Great Plains.
inobligality	n	1663 -1663
quality of not being obligatory
Granting the inobligality of bringing a gift to the party, it is still polite to do so.
interfation	n	1656 -1658
act of interrupting another while speaking
His boorish interfations were ill-received at the academic lecture.
inveteratist	n	1715 -1715
opponent of reform; one who inveterately holds to tradition
The golf course's manager, being an inveteratist, continued to refuse women entry.
ipsographic	adj	1817 -1817
self-recording
He used the CD burner primarily for ipsographic purposes.
irredivivous	adj	1656 -1656
unable to be revived
Despite Dr. House's best effort, the patient remained irredivivous.
isangelous	adj	1768 -1774
equal to the angels
I've had just about enough of her isangelous and self-righteous diatribes.
jecorary	adj	1684 -1684
of or relating to the liver
The alcoholic's refusal to seek treatment caused him no end of jecorary trouble.
jobler	n	1662 -1662
one who does small jobs
We've found a great jobler who takes care of our repairs quickly and cheaply.
jumperism	n	1800 -1876
principles of a jumping Methodist sect
While snake-handling is ridiculous, it is no worse than jumperism or the stylites.
jungible	adj	1656 -1656
that may be joined
The trailers are jungible by means of a complex hitching system.
jussulent	adj	1656 -1658
full of broth or soup
The bubbling of the jussulent cauldron and the crackling of the campfire soothed her.
kalotypography	n	1834 -1834
beautiful printing
Medieval manuscripts are attractive, but modern kalotypography surely surpasses them.
keleusmatically	adv	1885 -1885
imperatively; in an imperative mood
"Sit down!" the teacher instructed his wife keleusmatically, to her chagrin.
kexy	adj	1608 -1884
dry, brittle, withered
The rustling of the kexy leaves alerted the campers to the bear's presence.
krioboly	n	1850 -1882
sacrifice of many rams; bath in blood of rams
Contrary to rumour, pagan rituals do not involve krioboly or baby-eating.
labascate	v	1727 -1727
to begin to fall or slide
He watched with helpless horror as the baby carriage labascated down the stairs.
lagenarious	adj	1657 -1657
flagon-shaped
He brought our champagne in a lagenarious vessel, much to our embarassment.
lambition	n	1658 -1800
act of licking or lapping
The child's lambition of the ice cream was interrupted by gravity, the cruellest master.
lampistry	n	1874 -1874
art of decorating lamps
The church bazaar is always full of skilled needlework, lampistry and other crafts.
lardlet	n	1659 -1659
small piece of bacon to put into meat to enrich with fat
The secret to her pot roasts is the use of lardlets to enhance the flavour of the meat.
latibule	n	1623 -1691
hiding place
The girl emerged triumphantly from her latibule, only to find her friends had already left.
leeftail	adj	1674 -1869
in great demand; having a quick sale
The new Corvettes are a leeftail product, no doubt because of the economic boom.
legatarian	adj	1766 -1766
of or pertaining to a deputy or legate
The vice-president seems uncomfortable with his legatarian duties.
leporicide	n	1788 -1914
killer or killing of hares or rabbits
Elmer Fudd's futile attempts at leporicide were always foiled by his intended prey.
lignatile	adj	1855 -1855
living or growing on wood
She collected lignatile mushrooms on her hike, confident in her identifications.
lignicide	n	1656 -1656
woodcutter
We will not tolerate the lignicides who would despoil our old-growth forests!
lococession	n	1656 -1656
place for giving
Deposit your alms in the lococession we have provided, and you will be rewarded.
locupletative	adj	1802 -1812
tending to enrich
Your locupletative contributions have helped furnish the new stadium lavishly.
logarithmotechny	n	1724 -1775
the art of calculating logarithms
But sir, without my calculator, I will be reduced to painful logarithmotechny!
lubency	n	1623 -1669
willingness; pleasure
My lubency to help you in this matter will not be increased by your paltry bribes.
lugent	adj	1656 -1889
weeping; mourning
After hearing of the attack, her brothers were lugent at first, then enraged.
Lutherolatry	n	1859 -1883
worship of Martin Luther and his teachings
The priest was poorly received for his denunciation of Lutherolatry and paganism.
macellarious	adj	1656 -1656
pertaining to butchers or meat markets
Some practitioners of the macellarious arts are more humane to animals than vegans.
magastromancy	n	1652 -1652
magical astrology
Her reliance on magastromancy to decide the students' grades got her in trouble.
magistricide	n	1670 -1670
the killing or killer of a teacher or master
While many have considered magistricide, few are bold or wicked enough to do so.
magophony	n	1711 -1711
massacre of magi or priests
The acts of magophony that accompany religious intolerance are simply unacceptable.
maleolent	adj	1657 -1727
having an ill odour
His maleolent recipe was avoided by all but the most courageous or polite guests.
mancation	n	1727 -1727
maiming; mutilation
The general would suffer no mancation or execution of fallen enemy troops.
mariturient	adj	1765 -1765
eager to marry
He was beset with offers from several distant cousins who were desperately mariturient.
mecography	n	1603 -1890
measurement of the dimensions and weight of body parts
The condom company used mecography to obtain necessary data about its clientele.
medioxumate	adj	1723 -1723
of gods of intermediate rank between those of heaven and of hell
Medioxumate deities such as those of the Greek pantheon are rarely worshipped today.
melanochalcographer	n	1697 -1697
engraver of copper printing plates
No melanochalcographer can match a photographic print in quality of reproduction.
miliaceous	adj	1684 -1890
like millet or the millet-seed
This miliaceous gift will keep our nation from starvation, but will not appease us.
mingent	adj	1685 -1685
discharging urine
The mingent dog amused the children but not the owner of the flower garden.
misqueme	v	1395 -1658
to displease; to offend
If my actions misqueme you or your friends, you need only leave me alone.
mitescent	adj	1727 -1727
growing mild
You're becoming mitescent in your old age, and can hardly stomach conflict any more.
mochlic	n	1657 -1753
drastic purgative medicine
This mochlic remedy is worse than the disease, but at least it will be over quickly.
modernicide	n	1774 -1774
killing or killer of modern people
While the Luddites were radical traditionalists, they never engaged in modernicide.
molrowing	n	1860 -1896
caterwauling; cavorting with prostitutes
Her son is a molrowing vagabond without any social graces, much to her shame.
montivagant	adj	1656 -1658
wandering over hills and mountains
The montivagant hiker crossed the Alps with ease but was stymied by the Andes.
morsicant	adj	1891 -1891
producing the sensation of repeated biting or pricking
After sitting for several hours, I had a terrible morsicant pain in my rear end.
mowburnt	adj	1548 -1900
of crops, spoiled by becoming overheated
The heat wave last August left us with heaps of mowburnt and useless crops.
mulcible	adj	1656 -1656
able to be appeased
Despite his promises of food, the crowd was not mulcible and began to riot.
mulomedic	adj	1678 -1678
relating to the medical care of mules
The doctor's mulomedic abilities were of enormous importance to the trek's success.
murklins	adv	1568 -1674
in the dark
She stumbled murklins about the house until she found the light switch.
myriander	adj	1693 -1693
consisting of ten thousand men
Her myriander host of suitors never figured out that she was a lesbian.