Sunday, 3 July 2011

Archaism

In language, an archaism (from the Greek: ἀρχαϊκός, archaïkós, 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος, archaîos, 'from the beginning, ancient') is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current. This can either be done deliberately (to achieve a specific effect) or as part of a specific jargon (for example in law) or formula (for example in religious contexts). Many nursery rhymes contain archaisms. Archaic elements that occur only in certain fixed expressions (for example 'be that as it may') are not considered to be archaisms.

an anachronism

an archaic word is a word that is no longer commonly used but is retained in a language because it preserves the flavor of a period.

Language anachronism

Language anachronisms in novels and films are quite common. They can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms let us understand more readily a film set in the past. Language and pronunciation change so fast that most modern people (even many scholars) would not easily be able to understand a film with people speaking English as they did in the 17th century; thus, we willingly accept characters speaking an updated language. Unintentional anachronisms include putting modern slang and figures of speech into the mouths of characters from the past. Modern audiences want to understand George Washington when he speaks, but if he starts talking about "the bottom line" (a figure of speech that did not come into popular language until almost two centuries after Washington's time), that can be an unintentional anachronism.
A literary work such as Quo Vadis set in the time of Nero is written in Polish, a language that did not exist in Roman times and is usually translated into other languages that did not exist in ancient times because modern audiences generally do not understand Latin, the language of Rome, any more than non-Poles can be expected to understand Polish. That sort of anachronism is generally excused.
At the most blatant, linguistic anachronisms can demonstrate the fraudulence of a document purportedly from an earlier time. The use of terminology from 19th and 20th century antisemites demonstrates that the supposed "Franklin Prophecy" is a forgery, as Benjamin Franklin died in 1790


random quotes:

Obsolete, adj. No longer used by the timid. Said chiefly of words. A word which some lexicographer has marked obsolete is ever thereafter an object of dread and loathing to the fool writer, but if it is a good word and has no exact modern equivalent equally good, it is good enough for the good writer. Indeed, a writer's attitude toward "obsolete" words is as true a measure of his literary ability as anything except the character of his work. A dictionary of obsolete and obsolescent words would not only be singularly rich in strong and sweet parts of speech; it would add large possessions to the vocabulary of every competent writer who might not happen to be a competent reader.
—Ambrose Bierce, American journalist and writer, The Devil's Dictionary, 1911

the phrontistery

http://phrontistery.info/clwdef.html
This is a website that collects lost words. They have a long list of words that are not used in modern English the way they were intended to or they have been completely forgotten. The link is to the rules they used while looking up those words, which in a way defines what a "lost word" is.


List of lost words: S-Z

saburrate v 1623 -1658
to put sand or gravel in a ship as ballast
Fortunately, the ship was thoroughly saburrated, or else it would surely have capsized.
sacricolist n 1727 -1727
devout worshipper
She was a skeptic, but became a sacricolist after her father's death.
sagittiferous adj 1656 -1858
bearing arrows
The general ordered that some of his foot-soldiers should thereafter be sagittiferous.
sagittipotent adj 1656 -1656
having great ability in archery
The sagittipotent hunter found himself unable to kill the beautiful white stag.
sarcinarious adj 1656 -1656
serving to carry a burden or load
His sarcinarious draught-horse could take no more, and collapsed on the desert sands.
scaevity n 1623 -1658
unluckiness; left-handedness
She attributed her failure to evil forces, but her family felt it was a matter of scaevity.
scandiscope n 1825 -1825
machine for cleaning chimneys
The scandiscope removed soot, but also what might have been reindeer droppings.
scathefire n 1632 -1796
great destructive fire; conflagration
Despite the scathefire that razed the town, its citizens were determined to rebuild.
scelidate adj 1877 -1877
having legs; legged
The legless dragon of Eastern myth contrasts with its scelidate Western counterpart.
sceptriferous adj 1656 -1658
bearing a scepter
The court's sceptriferous seneschal had a primarily symbolic function.
schismarch n 1657 -1657
founder of a schism
The schismarch of the People's Front of Judea was hated by his former allies.
secability n 1842 -1842
capability of being cut
The limited secability of Kevlar makes it an ideal material for modern armour.
sedecuple n 1690 -1690
quantity sixteen times another
She enjoyed the Slinky, though her age was the sedecuple of her granddaughter's.
sementine adj 1656 -1656
pertaining to sowing; of the time of seeding fields
This year's drought means that our springtime sementine efforts were in vain.
senticous adj 1657 -1657
prickly; thorny
He pricked himself on a senticous bush as he searched about for his golf ball.
seplasiary n 1650 -1658
seller or producer of perfumes and ointments
She had an allergic reaction after the seplasiary sprayed her in the eyes.
sermonolatry n 1859 -1859
excessive devotion to sermons
We moved to a church across town because of our pastor's excessive sermonolatry.
sevidical adj 1656 -1656
speaking cruel and harsh words; threatening
I will not tolerate your sevidical tone and manner, you filthy peasant!
sevous adj 1725 -1725
like tallow or suet
The sevous mixture wouldn't harden, and so the whole batch of candles was ruined.
siagonology n 1895 -1895
study of jaw-bones
Reliance on siagonology alone led to the proliferation of the Piltdown Man hoax.
sigilism n 1865 -1865
act of revealing the secrets of the confessional
After learning of such atrocities, it is only natural that he would consider sigilism.
sinapistic adj 1879 -1879
consisting of mustard
The chef's sinapistic sauces delighted connoisseurs of French cuisine.
sireniform adj 1849 -1852
having the lower legs abnormally joined into a single limb
When they learned that their child had a sireniform deformity, they were devastated.
slimikin adj 1745 -1745
small and slender
She was a slimikin young woman who often flirted with the schoolboys at the academy.
snobographer n 1848 -1966
one who describes or writes about snobs
The editors scrapped the society page because it was full of pretentious snobographers.
sodalitious adj 1656 -1730
of or belonging to society or to fellowship
Sodalitious camaraderie is the basis for gentlemanly life in this civilized era.
soleated adj 1623 -1656
shod like a horse
Because his steed was poorly soleated, he was unable to make good time on the trip.
solennial adj 1623 -1656
occurring once a year; annual
Welcome to our solennial celebration of the birth of our illustrious institution.
soloecal adj 1716 -1716
provincially incorrect
His soloecal Southern dialect cost him more than one job.
somandric adj 1716 -1716
pertaining to the human body
Today's athletes frequently exceed natural somandric limits with anabolic steroids.
sophronize v 1827 -1827
to imbue with sound moral principles or self-control
It is important that we sophronize children, not merely teach them facts.
sospital adj 1656 -1658
keeping safe and healthy; preserving from danger
The bodyguard's sospital functions were compromised by his love for his charge.
sparsile adj 1891 -1891
of a star, not included in any constellation
The prevalence of sparsile stars today reflects technical advances in telescopy.
speustic adj 1656 -1658
made or baked in haste
At the last minute, he thought to throw together a speustic pie for the gathering.
spiscious adj 1655 -1655
of a thick consistency
Her soups are both spiscious and delicious, though perhaps over-laden with salt.
sputcheon n 1842 -1878
metal lining of the mouth of a scabbard
The blade rang against the sputcheon as he drew it, eliminating the element of surprise.
squiriferous adj 1796 -1796
having the character or qualities of a squire
The squiriferous youth squandered his inheritance with astonishing rapidity.
stagma n 1681 -1820
any distilled liquor
I will touch neither wine nor stagma, though I do occasionally partake of ale.
starrify v 1598 -1675
to decorate with stars; to make into a star
She would often starrify her high school students' work, thereby infantilizing them.
stibogram n 1891 -1898
graphic record of footprints
The detective took stibograms from the scene, hoping they would lead to the culprit.
stigmatypy n 1875 -1875
printing portraits using dots of different sizes
The use of stigmatypy takes enormous effort, but provides little artistic benefit.
stiricide n 1656 -1656
falling of icicles from a house
The untended tenement was very dangerous in winter due to stiricide.
sturionic adj 1852 -1852
of or pertaining to the sturgeon
With its great sturionic strength, it leapt off the hook, never again to be seen.
succisive adj 1619 -1656
of time, spare or in excess
Because I worked so much harder than them, they envied my succisive rests.
suffarcinate v 1656 -1656
to load up; to stuff
His daughter suffarcinated the moving van with a hoard of old clothing, to his chagrin.
summotion n 1653 -1653
removal
The summotion of the unruly committee members was itself an unruly occasion.
supellectile adj 1615 -1843
of the nature of furniture
Our apartment is full of knick-knacks, but is lacking in supellectile necessities.
surgation n 1688 -1688
erection of the penis
His surgation caused him embarassment when he had to speak in front of the class.
synallactic adj 1853 -1853
reconciliatory
A synallactic dinner was a good idea, and helped them save their marriage.
tabernarious adj 1656 -1656
belonging to shops or taverns
Our tabernarious citizens have put before us their preposterous demands.
tantuple adj 1656 -1656
multiplied by the same number; so many times a given quantity
We expect a tantuple increase in this year's profits as well.
tauroboly n 1700 -1891
slaughter of a bull or bulls; pagan bull sacrifice
The cruelty of the matador led her to fight against tauroboly as an inhumane practice.
tecnolatry n 1899 -1914
worship or idolization of children
Despite her infertility, or perhaps because of it, she was known for her tecnolatry.
teliferous adj 1656 -1658
bearing darts or missiles
The teliferous battalion of soldiers advanced, knowing that they had the upper hand.
telligraph n 1783 -1903
charter outlining boundaries of landholdings
Fortunately, he still possessed the telligraph given to his great-grandfather.
temerate v 1635 -1654
to break a bond or promise; to profane
She would not compromise, for doing so would force her to temerate her vows.
tenellous adj 1651 -1651
somewhat tender
Their tenellous relationship, which was never strong, came under great strain.
tetanothrum n 1519 -1823
cosmetic for removing wrinkles
The proliferation of tetanothrums reflects the concerns of aging baby boomers.
teterrimous adj 1704 -1864
most foul
The fiend's teterrimous visage alarmed the librarian, who quickly closed the dark tome.
theomeny n 1623 -1656
the wrath of God
I may suffer theomeny for my beliefs, but at least I will have been consistent.
thural adj 1624 -1714
of or pertaining to incense
The mysteries of the ancient order involved the burning of thural herbs.
thysiastery n 1657 -1657
sacrificial altar
They laid the babe upon the thysiastery with his mother's willing consent.
tolfraedic adj 1703 -1905
of reckoning one hundred as 120; duodecimal
Unfortunately, our measures still have a strong component of tolfraedic reckoning.
tollation n 1688 -1688
act of lifting
The tollation of the child from the well required special equipment to be imported.
tornatil adj 1661 -1661
made with a wheel; turned on a wheel
The potter was a master of his tornatil work, but many of his pots broke during firing.
tortiloquy n 1656 -1656
crooked speech
I will not tolerate such tortiloquy in my court!
trabeal adj 1862 -1866
like a beam; of the nature of a horizontal beam
This trabeal support for the roof won't last more than a decade.
traboccant adj 1651 -1654
superabundant; excessive
Your traboccant generosity will no doubt be repaid twice over by the award recipients.
tragematopolist n 1656 -1658
confectioner; seller of sweets
No tragematopolist can match the appeal of a toy-store for young children.
trajectitious adj 1656 -1855
characterized by oversea transport
The trajectitious movement of sugar cane allowed the merchants to grow rich.
tremefy v 1832 -1832
to cause to tremble
His words tremefied the more gullible of onlookers, while others shook their heads.
triclavianism n 1838 -1838
belief that only three nails were used at Christ's crucifixion
My debate on triclavianism was ill-received by the priests, who felt it irrelevant.
tristifical adj 1656 -1656
causing to be sad or mournful
His tristifical wailing got the best of us, and we also were reduced to tears.
tropaean adj 1686 -1686
blowing from sea to land
The tropaean winds blew the raft ashore after long weeks at sea.
trophaeal adj 1646 -1660
pertaining to or adorned with trophies
Her trophaeal treasure trove was the only thing undamaged by the fire.
tudiculate v 1623 -1658
to bruise or pound; to work as with a hammer
He was brutally tudiculated by the bullies, so he started to work out.
tussicate v 1598 -1890
to cough
He tussicated throughout the opera, annoying nearby audience members.
uglyography n 1804 -1834
bad handwriting; poor spelling
Your uglyography conceals the cogency and brilliance of your ideas.
ulvose adj 1727 -1727
full of reeds or weeds
The ulvose marsh was drained, damaging the habitat of several species of waterfowl.
urette n 1840 -1840
dried animal urine absorbed into calcareous soil
The only sign it had ever been a pasture were the patches of urette and dried dung.
utible adj 1623 -1711
serviceable; useful
While the new system is much more expensive, at least it is utible.
utlegation n 1678 -1678
legal process by which someone is outlawed
The gunslinger's utlegation was no impediment to his efforts to find work.
uviferous adj 1656 -1656
bearing grapes or vines
The uviferous hills of Champagne are still renowned for their quality produce.
vacivity n 1656 -1721
emptiness
The vacivity of her mind can hardly be a consequence of her blonde hair.
vadiation n 1753 -1812
act of requiring a pledge
The secret society insisted that he must attend the vadiation ceremony before entering.
vadosity n 1658 -1658
fact of being fordable
The limited vadosity of the river presented an enormous barrier to the pioneers.
vampirarchy n 1823 -1823
set of rulers comparable to vampires
Some believe that we are secretly ruled by the Illuminati or a similar vampirarchy.
vanmost adv 1865 -1865
in the front; foremost
The vanmost brigade is expected to take very high casualties, unfortunately.
vappous adj 1673 -1673
flat; insipid
This chili has a vappous and unpleasant taste, unlike the other offerings.
vargeous adj 1779 -1779
resembling a rod; rod-like
He twirled his vargeous billy-club menacingly at the peaceful protesters.
vectarious adj 1656 -1696
belonging to a wagon or carriage
At the end of their vectarious voyage, he pulled out the engagement ring.
vellicle n 1676 -1676
something that pinches or holds fast
You need some sort of vellicle to keep the papers from falling all over the place.
venalitious adj 1656 -1656
of the sale of humans as slaves
Despite universal condemnation, venalitious practices abound in the Third World today.
venialia n 1654 -1654
minor sins or offences
Though he had done nothing heinous, all of his friends had been victims of his venialia.
venundate v 1623 -1656
to buy and sell
The farmer went to town once a month to venundate, but was otherwise solitary.
venustation n 1656 -1658
act of causing to become beautiful or handsome
The cream's manufacturer fraudulently promised venustation to those who used it.
veprecose adj 1721 -1721
full of brambles
When they moved onto the estate, the grounds were veprecose and untended.
veteratorian adj 1656 -1656
crafty; subtle
Your veteratorian villainy is no match for the might of my armies of men!
vicambulate v 1873 -1873
to walk about in the streets
Would you care to vicambulate with me on this fine evening, my dear?
viduifical adj 1657 -1657
widow-making
It is often said that golf is just as viduifical as war, and twice as pointless.
viliorate v 1722 -1722
to make less good; to worsen
The presence of gangs viliorates the quality of life for everyone in the neighbourhood.
vinitorian adj 1656 -1656
of or pertaining to tending vines
Though the orchard was more profitable, her vinitorian skills earned her respect.
virtival n 1794 -1794
metal support for an axle
Though he added virtivals to the cart, it fell to pieces at the first major jolt.
visotactile adj 1652 -1652
involving both touch and vision
The deaf man learned to make better use of visotactile input in his daily life.
vocitate v 1653 -1653
to name or call
I can understand giving a name to a dog, but who vocitates their houseplants?
volgivagant adj 1656 -1656
pertaining to the common people; poor or base; inconstant
Her political fortunes were tied to her ability to appeal to her volgivagant constituents.
vultuous adj 1633 -1721
having a sad or solemn countenance
The child's vultuous visage was the key to the team's successful con game.
weequashing n 1888 -1902
spearing of fish or eels by torchlight from canoes
The Scouts went out weequashing, but they forgot to obtain the proper permit.
welmish adj 1688 -1688
of a pale or sickly colour
Her welmish complexion was the first clue that she had become a full-blown addict.
woundikins int 1836 -1836
diminutive form of "wounds"; mild oath
He shouted, "Great woundikins!" upon striking his toe, much to their amusement.
xenization n 1818 -1818
fact of travelling as a stranger
This period of youthful xenization was the source of his later cultural tolerance.
yelve n 1000 -1886
dung-fork; garden-fork; to use such a fork
With her yelve and hoe never far from hand, she grew her crops the old-fashioned way.
zygostatical adj 1623 -1656
pertaining to a market official in charge of weights
His zygostatical training allowed him to cheat the scales undetected for decades.